自然营造力作用下岩石单裂纹水力劈裂数值仿真模型

考虑水利水电工程中自然营造力作用下岩石水力劈裂特点,建立裂纹内初始含水量饱和而外界水压增大情况下,裂纹进一步发生水力劈裂的数值仿真模型。在数值模型中,通过半解析半数值方法建立裂纹内水压分布梯度与裂纹张开位移间的耦合关系,不仅简化耦合迭代分析,而且提高计算精度;断裂力学模型采用以Hillerborg黏滞区裂纹模型为基础的COD准则,并引入损伤变量对其开裂准则进行修正;裂纹的扩展采用预置零厚度接触单元的方法巧妙地解决耦合与非线性迭代中裂纹的前进与后退问题。最后,对简单的岩石试件进行水力劈裂过程数值仿真分析,得到的裂纹内水压分布规律与已有的试验结果吻合,证明所建模型是合理的,计算结果是可靠的。     

航道疏浚对海底盾构隧道纵向稳定性的影响研究

对海底长距离、高水压、大直径盾构隧道纵向稳定性的特点和影响因素进行了分析,并通过工程实体对航道疏浚这一影响因子进行研究。结合航道疏浚的特点、工艺和工序,选取纵向长2.4km的大型模型,采用数值模拟方法分别研究了航道疏浚深度、疏浚工序及回淤厚度等因素对结构纵向变形、受力的影响程度,初步得到了航道疏浚深度对隧道结构稳定性的控制作用。同时,给出了疏浚深度与结构变形、受力的非线性关系,即航道疏浚深度超过7m后隧道纵向变形趋势明显;提出了疏浚控制深度的指标,疏浚规划方案宜进行优化。最后,探讨了盾构隧道结构和周边地层的加固方案,以保证结构稳定性。初步研究结果对于海底盾构隧道前期规划、设计有一定的参考价值,相关研究还需要进一步深化。     

冲击地压、岩爆、矿震的关系及其数值模拟研究

全面论述了冲击地压、岩爆与矿震现象，对其进行了具体定义，指出三者之间的关系。采用数值计算手段对冲击地压与岩爆现象进行对比分析，指出它们的异同。在此基础上，建议对“冲击地压一、“岩爆”和“矿震”这3个术语区别使用。     

塔河原油特性与塔河稠油生产工艺

从油藏特征、成藏条件、原油性质角度简要综述了塔河原油及渣油的主要性质，并通过对原油及渣油性质的了解，分析针对塔河原油及渣油的炼化技术，探讨了塔河原油的生产工艺。     

双热源热压自然通风流场数值模拟研究

本文首先对具有双热源的民用建筑采用CFD技术,在室内余热量不变的条件下,改变双热源间距对热压自然通风流场进行了数值模拟。而后分析了单、双热源所形成的速度场与温度场之间的差别,以及双热源间距对室内流场、温度场及各特征参数的影响,为民用建筑自然通风系统的设计提供了参考。     

Cavity reverse expansion considering elastoplastic unloading and application in cast-in-situ bored piles

The construction process of a cast-in-situ bored pile is too complicated to be described by the cavity expansion theory with a single process. An exact unified semi-analytical solution for both cylindrical and spherical cavities reverse expansion after unloading in drained soil is developed. The non-associated Mohr-Coulomb model and definition of logarithmic strain are adopted in the reverse plastic zone. This model can be used to solve the stress and displacement fields of the soil around a bored pile along both the horizontal and depth directions. Parametric analysis shows that the effect of the unloading phase does not change the ultimate pressure of cavity reverse expansion compared with in situ expansion. The cavity cannot re-expand to its initial radius even though the cavity pressure reloads to the initial value. The increase of internal friction angle, cohesion, and Young's modulus has a positive effect on radius recovery, while the dilatancy angle has a negative effect. A simulation of the construction process of cast-in-situ bored piles is presented, where the role of boring, mud wall protection, and concrete placement is defined. An example that describes the stress and displacement fields around a pile shows that the total radial displacement of soil around the pile is dominated by contraction displacement. And it is closely related to depth and horizontal distance. The results of both parameter analysis and example analysis demonstrate that a low reverse cavity pressure corresponds to a stress-reduction area surrounding the cavity.     

Experimental and numerical study on reinforcement effect of plate anchors or flip anchors on model slopes

Flip anchors are a kind of ground anchor that rotate and open in the ground to attain pull-out resistance without the use of grout. Compared to ordinary grouted ground anchors, flip anchors can be driven into the existing ground quickly and are suitable for the emergency reinforcement of slopes. However, little research has been done on the slope reinforcement effect of flip anchors. In this paper, experiments on a model slope reinforced by plate anchors or flip anchors were conducted. During the experiments, vertical loading with a rigid loading plate was applied to the shoulder of the model slope to investigate its stability. Experiments were firstly conducted with and without model plate anchors under a plane strain condition. Then, experiments were conducted using actual flip anchors under a three-dimensional condition. In these experiments, the depth of the anchor plates, h, and the installation state of the anchor heads of the flip anchors (open or closed anchor head condition) were varied. After the experiments, corresponding numerical simulations (FEM) were conducted, and a subloading t_ij model was applied to describe the soil behaviour. The numerical method used in this research successfully reproduced the reinforcing effect of the flip anchors. According to the test and calculated results, compared with the cases without reinforcement and with plate anchors, the effectiveness of the flip anchors for slope stability was verified. Moreover, the flip anchors installed under the closed anchor head condition required a larger displacement to produce a reinforcing effect than the anchors installed under the open anchor head condition.     

城郊水库型水利风景区生态旅游适宜性 及景观格局研究——以四川省仙海国家水利 风景区为例

为促进中国西部地区城郊水库型水利风景区生态旅 游的繁荣与进步,基于实地踏勘、AHP法与3S技术等,以四 川省第一家国家级水利风景区——绵阳市仙海水利风景区为研 究载体,从地形、环境、资源、旅游4个维度选取实用、创新 型指标,构建一套适合城郊水库型水利风景区的生态旅游适宜 性评价体系。利用ArcGIS 10.2与Fragststa 4.2综合评判仙 海水利风景区的生态旅游环境与景观格局,最后分别从生态保 育与旅游功能角度提出优化建议。结果表明：景观格局指数结 果对生态旅游适宜性分区具有补充说明作用,仙海水利风景区 的整体景观聚集性较高,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级适宜区占64.18%,适 合开展复合型生态旅游产业;Ⅳ、Ⅴ级适宜区的主要优势斑块 为水域,应以生态保育为主。针对城郊水库型水利风景区的规 划应注重生态与旅游齐头并进,以期实现生态经济效益与景观 资源利用率最大化。     

福州东西向深街谷内树致行人夏季 热环境差异

夏季东西走向的街道因长时间暴露于日照形成最不舒适的行人环境,树木可提供树荫降低气温但也阻碍了局地通风,然而,植树对行人热环境的综合影响尚不清楚。针对城市高密度街区（LCZ 2类型）中东西走向的街道,开展行道树绿化差异对行人热环境综合影响的定量计算与分析。结果表明：1）树木对行人热环境的影响是非线性的,且在夏季白天不同时段呈不同规律,街道树木覆盖率与树致平均行人气温差异值之间存在如下关系：上下午非线性关系强烈,中午则接近线性关系;2）当树木覆盖率小于50%时,树致行人气温降低的梯度大,每增加10%树木覆盖率,行人高度平均气温最高约降低0.26℃;树木覆盖率超过50%以后,植树带来的热效益改善值减小,而且影响的时间窗口趋于中午附近（11:00—14:30）;3）东西向街道内的各种植树方案都对行人热环境产生正面影响,当树冠相互接触形成连续树荫时,树致改善效应接近饱和,继续提高种植密度反而会产生负面影响。考虑城市用地紧张,建议东西走向的街道,采用可形成连续树荫的50%左右覆盖率的行道树绿化,以获得舒适的行人小气候。     

应对海平面上升问题的城市土地利用格局 脆弱性多情景模拟评估及应对策略

全球气候变化引发的海平面上升对沿海区域的环境和社会经济发展造成巨大破坏。以珠三角广州南沙为研究区域,基于传统、自然增长和规划控制3种土地利用格局预设发展情景,采用PLUS(Patch-generating Land Use Simulation Model)模型模拟各情景下的未来土地利用格局。同时,针对近期(2030年)、中期(2050年)和远期(2100年)3种不同海平面上升叠加风暴潮风险下的土地利用格局脆弱性开展多情景定量化评估,并提出应对策略。结果显示：1)3种土地利用格局发展情景中,传统格局情景能够最有效地应对或缓解海平面上升和风暴潮灾害风险,而自然增长情景应对未来海岸灾害的能力最弱;2)从不同土地利用类型的脆弱性程度来看,城镇建设用地的综合脆弱性最高,而村庄建设用地的综合脆弱性最低;3)根据不同发展情景及灾害风险应采用综合防御、适应及撤退等多种应对策略。综合考虑了未来土地利用格局的多种变化情景、灾害风险及应对策略,能够为滨海城市应对未来海岸灾害的适应性规划提供决策参考。